Everyone has the right to an effective remedy before the competent national courts for acts that violate the fundamental rights conferred on him by the Constitution or by law. We have already found a high level of personal freedom and are now fighting to improve equal opportunities. Our commitment to human rights must be absolute, our laws must be just, our natural beauty must be preserved; The powerful must not persecute the weak and human dignity must be strengthened. In 539 B.C., Cyrus the Great conquered the city of Babylon, freed slaves to return home, and declared that people should have a choice of religion. This event is considered by many to be the first Charter of Human Rights in the history of the world. In the past, people had rights based on belonging to a group, such as a family. This event served as an inspiration for the civilizations of India, Greece and Rome, cultures known today for their contributions to rights and freedoms. A host of other treaties and documents have clarified and developed some of the fundamental concepts set out in the original UDHR, thus envisioning new generations of rights. These additions have been the result of a number of factors, partly in response to the gradual evolution of notions of human dignity and partly as a result of new threats and opportunities. With regard to the new specific category of rights proposed as third-generation rights, it resulted from a better understanding of the different types of obstacles that could impede the realization of first- and second-generation rights. The idea of the third generation of rights is that of solidarity and collective rights of society or peoples, such as the right to sustainable development, peace or a healthy environment.
In 1831, William Lloyd Garrison wrote in The Liberator newspaper that he was trying to win his readers over to "the great cause of human rights,"[62] so that the term human rights could have been used between Paine`s The Rights of Man and Garrison`s publication. In 1849, a contemporary, Henry David Thoreau, wrote about human rights in his treatise On the Duty of Civil Disobedience, which later influenced human and civil rights thinkers. U.S. Supreme Court Justice David Davis wrote in his 1867 opinion for Ex parte Milligan: "The protection of the law guarantees human rights; Remove this protection, and they will be at the mercy of evil leaders or the cries of a restless people. [63] Maurya Emperor Ashoka, who reigned from 268 to 232 BC. AD, established the largest empire in South Asia. After the supposedly destructive Kalinga war, Ashoka embraced Buddhism and abandoned expansionist policies in favor of humanitarian reform. Ashoka`s edicts were established throughout his empire and contained the "Law of Piety." [20] These laws prohibited religious discrimination and cruelty to humans and animals. [21] The decrees emphasize the importance of tolerance in government public policy.
The massacre or imprisonment of prisoners of war was also condemned by Ashoka. [22] Some sources claim that slavery did not exist in ancient India either. [23] However, others claim that slavery existed in ancient India, where it is recorded in the Sanskrit laws of Manu of the 1st century BC. [24] The invention of the term "human rights" can be attributed to Tertullian in his letter to Scapule, in which he wrote about religious freedom in the Roman Empire. [28] [29] In that letter, he equated "fundamental human rights" with a "privilege of nature." After the First World War, attempts were made to establish a human rights system under the aegis of the League of Nations. For example, a minority committee had been established to hear minority complaints, and a mandate commission had been established to consider individual petitions from persons living in mandated territories. However, these attempts were not very successful and ended abruptly with the outbreak of World War II. It took the trauma of that war, and in particular Hitler`s racially motivated gross atrocities in the name of Nazism, to cement international consensus in the form of the United Nations as a bulwark against war and for the preservation of peace. The European Convention on Human Rights, initiated by the UDHR, is a legally binding treaty between 47 Council of Europe states to protect the fundamental rights and freedoms of individuals.
The idea for the treaty originated in the early 1940s during World War II, but did not emerge until 1950. Its official name is "Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms". It was the first instrument to make certain rights enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights truly effective in ensuring that governments "never again" violate the rights of peoples. Nevertheless, rights are still violated and not everyone is treated equally. From Babylon, the idea of human rights quickly spread to India, Greece and finally Rome. There, the concept of "natural law" arose by observing the fact that people tended to follow certain unwritten laws throughout life, and Roman law was based on rational ideas derived from the nature of things.